And by 1860, the Republican Party, solely on the strength of the electoral power of the Northern states elected Abraham Lincoln president. It was pledged to halting the further expansion of slavery. In 1854, the Republican Party was formed. By 1860, because of changes brought by the market and transportation revolutions, immigration, and industrialization, Northern states had routinely maintained their electoral majorities in both houses. Prior to the war, the South had enjoyed for a time legislative majorities in both houses, routine victories in the presidential elections, and control of the Supreme Court.
The war began because southern secessionists had come to the conclusion that their way of life was threatened by the elected Republican national majority. The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln, defeated the breakaway Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, thereby preserving the union and republican government, and abolishing slavery. The Civil War (1861-65) was fought in the United States of America by citizens loyal to the elected government (the Union) against the Confederate States of America, a group of southern secessionist states. Map depicting slave and free states during the war.
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